Fact-Based Tobacco Control Policies: How Does Your State Measure Up?
A progress report on state legislative actions to reduce tobacco use and tobacco-related cancer.
ACS CAN advocates for comprehensive smoke-free laws in all workplaces to protect workers and the public from the harmful effects of secondhand exposure and to create communities that support tobacco-free living. The use of electronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes, including supposed non-nicotine e-cigarettes, should also be prohibited in all workplaces including restaurants, bars, and casinos to protect against secondhand exposure to nicotine and other potentially harmful chemicals, to ensure the enforcement of existing smoke-free laws are not compromised, and that the public health benefits of a smoke-free laws are not undermined.
E-cigarettes are a diverse group of products that can go by many names including vape pens, tank systems, e-hookah, and mods. E -cigarettes are typically battery-operated products designed to deliver a heated solution, or aerosol of nicotine and other chemicals, to the user. E-cigarettes can be disposable or consist of a rechargeable, battery-operated heating element; a replaceable or refillable cartridge that may contain nicotine, flavoring agents, and other chemicals (sometimes called “e-juices”); and an atomizer that uses heat to convert the contents of the cartridge into an aerosol that is inhaled by the user.1
Chemicals identified in some e-cigarette aerosol include:– Propylene glycol
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There are serious questions about the safety of inhaling the substances in e-cigarette aerosol. Studies have shown that the use of e-cigarettes can cause short-term lung changes and irritations.ii E-cigarettes also pose a potential risk to nonusers through secondhand exposure to toxicants in the aerosol. Secondhand exposure occurs when the user exhales the aerosol exposing nonusers. The level of secondhand exposure to a nonuser depends on several factors including the type of e-cigarette, concentration of the e-liquid, strength of the heating device, particle sizes in the aerosol, how the e-cigarette is used, and other environmental factors.
Unlike a vapor, an aerosol contains fine particles of liquid, solid, or both. One study found up to 31 constituents in the aerosol, including nicotine, acetaldehyde, and diacetyl, a chemical linked to serious lung disease.iii E-cigarettes can vary in the amount of nicotine present and contain a flavor, of which there are thousands of flavors on the market.iv Studies have found the aerosol to contain ultrafine particles that can be inhaled deeply into the lungs, heavy metals, volatile organic compounds and tobacco-specific nitrosamines, among other potentially harmful chemicals.v,vi,vii
The American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Condition Engineers xiii:
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Several studies have also found an increase in nicotine or its biomarker in nonusers of e-cigarettes after secondhand exposure.viii This exposure could be especially problematic for vulnerable populations such as children, pregnant women, and people with heart disease depending on the level of exposure. While, additional research is underway to understand e-cigarette emissions and the health effects of secondhand exposure on nonusers which considers the great diversity in products and patterns of use, action can be taken now to protect nonusers from the potential risks of exposure to e-cigarette aerosol.
Tobacco users are not the only ones who breathe its deadly smoke—all the people around them are forced to inhale it too. Recognizing that there is no safe level of secondhand smoke exposure, 25 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and over 900 localities have comprehensive smoke-free laws. ix These laws protect nonusers from exposure to secondhand smoke and reduce the acceptability of smoking which, in turn, reduces the number of people, especially youth, who start smoking and increases quit attempts by smokers. The increased protection and reduced acceptability have led to lower smoking rates and improved health status, including fewer heart attacks and cancers.x To further protect the public's health, 10 states and 661 localities have restricted the use of e-cigarettes in smoke-free venues.xi
The use of e-cigarettes in workplaces including restaurants, bars, and casinos can undermine the public health benefits that continue to be achieved by smoke-free laws. E-cigarette users who continue to use cigarettes will not experience the health benefits of quitting, and nonusers can be exposed to their secondhand aerosol. Because some e-cigarettes are designed to look like cigarettes and cigars, the unacceptability of smoking in these places could be compromised leading to new users or a reduction in current users who quit. Additionally, from a practical standpoint, business owners can face difficulty when enforcing smoke-free laws if e-cigarette use is permitted . These risks do not prevent some e-cigarette manufacturers from specifically marketing their products for use in places where smoking is prohibited.
Since the introduction of e-cigarettes to the U.S. market approximately 7 years ago, the marketing and use of these products have increased.
E-cigarette manufacturers may claim the ingredients are just “water vapor” or “safe,” but there is no sure way for e-cigarette users to know exactly what they are consuming. Nor is there any way of knowing what nonusers are exposed to and the extent of their health risk. Additionally, there are hundreds of types of e-cigarettes on the market today and the products vary considerably by ingredients, and quality control and assurance. Prohibiting the use of e-cigarettes in workplaces including restaurants, bars, and casinos can protect the public health by preventing nonusers from being exposed nicotine and other potentially harmful chemicals in these products.
i U.S. Food and Drug Administration. E-Cigarettes: Questions and Answers. September 17, 2010. Available online at
https://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/Labeling/ProductsIngredientsComponen....
ii Callahan-Lyon, P. Electronic cigarettes: human health effects. Tobacco Control 2014; 23: ii36-II40.
iii Sleiman M, et al. Emissions from Electronic Cigarettes: Key Parameters Affecting the Release of Harmful Chemicals. Environmental Science & Technology 2016; 50 (1&) 9644-9651.
iv Goniewucz ML et al. Nicotine levels in electronic cigarette refill solutions: a comparative analysis of products from the U.S., Korea, and Poland. International Journal of Drug Policy 2015; 26(6): 583-8. Zhu SH et al. Four hundred and sixty brands of e-cigarettes and counting: implications for product regulation. Tobacco Control 2014; 23(Suppl 3): iii3-iii9.
v Cheng, T. Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes. Tobacco Control 2014; 23: ii11-ii17.
vi Goniewicx, ML et al. Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes. Tobacco Control 2014; 23:122-9.
vii U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults. A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2016.
viii Jan Czogala, PhD, Maciej L. Goniewicz, PharmD, PhD, Bartlomiej Fidelus, PharmD, Wioleta Zielinska-Danch, PhD, Mark J. Travers, PhD, Andrzej Sobczak, PhD; Secondhand Exposure to Vapors From Electronic Cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2014; 16 (6): 655-662. Flouris AD et al. Acute impact of active and passive electronic cigarette smoking on serum cotinine and lung function. Inhalation Toxicology 2013; 25(2): 91-101.
ix Americans for Nonsmokers Rights. Overview List – How many Smokefree Laws? July 3, 2017. Available online at http://www.nosmoke.org/pdf/mediaordlist.pdf
x U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: 50 Years of Progress. A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2014.
xi Americans for Nonsmokers Rights Foundation. States and Municipalities with Laws Regulating Use of Electronic Cigarettes. Updated July 3, 2017. http://no-smoke.org/pdf/ecigslaws.pdf
xii Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tobacco Use Among Middle and High School Students—United States, 2011–2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2016;65(14):361–7
xiii QuickStats: Cigarette Smoking Status Among Current Adult E-cigarette Users, by Age Group — National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:1177. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6542a7.
xiii ASHRAE. Position Document on Secondhand Smoke, reaffirmed by ASHRAE Technology Council June 29, 2016. ASHRAE. Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, 2015 Supplement.